Showing posts with label poverty. Show all posts
Showing posts with label poverty. Show all posts

Wednesday, May 9, 2012

Poverty in the USA / Census 2011

I looked at the poverty gap, before. I was surprised how small the gap was, even though one does often hear that more women live in poverty, and not that almost the same number of men and women live in poverty. So as the last time I looked I had 2008 data and now we have detailed 2011 data, let us have another look.

Source: Current Population Survey (CPS) - Poverty Status in 2010 | Here is the link to the nice table creator I used

Male           All   00-17   18-64   65-80+
-------------------------------------------
Total      150,413  38,112  95,220   17,081
In Poverty  21,012   8,454  11,406    1,153
Percentage  14.0%   22.2%    12.0%    6.8%

Female         All   00-17   18-64   65-80+
-------------------------------------------
Total      155,275  36,382  96,795   22,098
In Poverty  25,167   7,947  14,852    2,368
Percentage  16.2%   21.8%    15.3%   10.7%

-------------------------------------------
F-M (%)     +2.2%   -0.4%    +3.3%   +3.9%
M/F%        46.4%   50.5%    44.0%   38.9%


(Numbers in Thousands)
** The Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement is an annual survey of approximately 78,000 households nationwide. Therefore, use extreme caution when making inferences when the cell sizes are small.
** Some CPS questions, such as income, ask about the previous year. Others, such as age, refer to the time of the survey. The column labels indicate any subject with a reference year which differs from the survey year.

The difference again, not that dramatic. The question that keeps puzzling me is however how does paying child support / alimony affect those numbers as it is not counted via the official poverty statistics. A helpful lady at the census pointed me to "Alternative Poverty Measures" that started to collect this data. After a bit of searching on the CDC site I came across this:

"The Supplemental Poverty Measure: Examining the Incidence and Depth of Poverty in the U.S. Taking Account of Taxes and Transfers in 2010 - Kathleen S. Short - March 15, 2012":

The current poverty thresholds use family size adjustments that are anomalous and do not take into account important changes in family situations, including payments made for child support and increasing cohabitation among unmarried couples.

The above is one point they are addressing, which is exactly what I was looking for. Sadly in their analysis there was no sex gap, which still keeps me guessing (I emailed the author and asked if she could point me in the right direction - we will see how that goes). What I noticed though is that in their data (see table 3) using the supplemental poverty measure the percentage of female headed units living in poverty increases via 0.3% while the percentage of male headed units living in poverty increased by 4.3%. This is about 14 times the rate of the female headed units. There is still a gap of about 6.3% here, but how this translates to the overall sex gap, as they also introduce new units, I can just guess. So I hope I will get an answer to that email.

Tuesday, February 23, 2010

Revisiting the poverty gap

From a recent article by Jessica Valenti
women work outside the home, but they make about 76 cents to a man's dollar and make up the majority of Americans living in poverty
I think I tackled the wage gap quite often and out of my mind when we look at more than raw wages and factor working time in women make 92 - 95 cents to a man's dollar and there is no proof that this gap is caused by discrimination.

Back to the majority of Americans living in poverty, which I also tackled before. And what can I say the new numbers are here, drumroll please:
U.S. Census Bureau Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 2009

Poverty Status in 2008
Men living in poverty: 12%
Women living in poverty: 14%

A 2% difference. But there is something that the statistic do not show us.

Alimony and child support

Both of those are threated as monthly bills. What does this mean. Imagine a household with husband wife and one kid. Once the income in that household falls below a certain level, this family is listed as living in poverty. Now after a divorce it is assumed (by the statistic) that the one, who is not living with the children does not have to pay alimony and child support and is therefor less likely to be listed as living in poverty. Keep in mind that after someone who has to pay child support loses his job it can take quite a long time to adjust alimony and child support payments. Often those who have to pay child support are fathers. Some numbers:
In the past decade, child-support collections from the estimated 11 million fathers who do not live with their children have nearly doubled, to more than $18 billion a year. Most of that money comes from fathers who have stable jobs and can afford to pay. [...] Where the money does not come from is the 2.5 million poor noncustodial fathers in the United States. According to a study by the Urban Institute, nearly 30 percent of these men are in prison. Among the remainder, nearly half are unemployed. Those who do have jobs earn an average of $5,600 a year, well below the poverty line. [...] Poor fathers are often asked to pay significantly more, as a percentage of their income, than middle- class fathers, according to the Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation, a social policy research group that studied 5,500 low-income fathers in seven cities in the 1990's. Nearly two-thirds of the poor fathers tracked by the study had child support orders that demanded more than half of their income.[...] The maximum that child support enforcement can take under federal laws is 65 percent of a person's salary [...]  only 4 percent of fathers are able to get their child support payments reduced when their earnings drop by more than 15 percent. Judges tend to proceed on the assumption that the man's income will eventually get back to its former level. Even if a reduction is granted, it takes as long as six months - while arrearages mount.
Legislation also eliminated an automatic assessment of surcharges for unpaid child support. Starting Jan. 1, 2011, courts will have the authority to assess surcharges on a case-by-case basis if there's a finding of willful noncompliance with a court order. Watson (director of Berrien County Friend of the Court office) said a law that went into effect in 1996 assessed an 8 percent surcharge twice a year to any unpaid support. The idea was to give non-custodial parents an incentive to pay support, Watson said, "but it's buried people." The surcharge amount was reduced in 2006 to tie it to the five-year average of interest rates on treasury notes. Aside from the impact on individual payers, Watson said, the high interest rate and frequent compounding created a huge statewide total of IOU money that is unlikely to ever be paid. At the end of 2009, the statewide total of unpaid child support was more than $9 billion, and half of the amount is surcharges. Surcharges totaled $250 million in 2009 alone. Many people who pay court-ordered child support earn low wages and, for them, the surcharges are particularly burdensome. Watson said 54 percent of child support payers in Michigan report income of less than $10,000 annually. They account for 77 percent of the total past due support payments. - from here

Homeless men

Men are more likely than women to be homeless. Those are not in the statistic (it is a telephone survey). Numbers by the U.S. Conference of Mayors 2007 as deciphered by Robert Franklin about 75% of the homeless population are male:
Most studies show that single homeless adults are more likely to be male than female. In 2007, a survey by the U.S. Conference of Mayors found that of the population surveyed 35% of the homeless people who are members of households with children are male while 65% of these people are females. However, 67.5% of the single homeless population is male, and it is this single population that makes up 76% of the homeless populations surveyed (U.S. Conference of Mayors, 2007).

about 51% of all homeless adults are single men and about 17% are single women.  Strangely, it gives no overall figures for homeless adults, but if the 3:1 ratio for single adults is applied to the remaining 32% of adults who aren't single, that would give an overall percentage of 75% male and 25% female.  Of course the fact that it's been men who've lost 80% of the jobs during the past year may well mean that men make up more than 75% of the homeless, but we don't seem to know that now. 

Imprisoned men

Probably not among the gifted and wealthy I am citing the above Glenn Sacks's article again.
93% of our world-leading 2.3 million incarcerated people are men
Who will certainly have a hard time finding a job in a recession after being in prison.

In conclusion...

...I fail to see why poverty hits women that much harder. But I am certainly not surprised that Valenti sees it that way. I might be coming back to that article again.

Thursday, June 18, 2009

Femi-conomics...

An interesting article:

Of the 5.2 million people who've lost their jobs since last summer, four out of five were men. Some experts predict that this year, for the first time, more American women will have jobs than men. And that's just furthering the decline of the endangered male.

Consider this: A 2007 government survey found that of the 36.8 million American adults who lack health insurance, 56% are men. But given the tremendous percentage of lost jobs that were held by men, that number could skyrocket. For family men, at least, there's a built-in safety net: The preponderance of two-career couples means that women, and their secure jobs, often provide the benefits. It's men who are single or divorced and who, studies show, live shorter lives than their married brethren who now make up the largest segment of the unemployed and uninsured. The impact of this in the form of untreated illness and injury will follow single men around for a generation.

[...]

As the Obama administration contemplates its strategy for health care reform, it isn't just the unemployed and uninsured we need to keep in mind. We need an overhaul of the system to take care of the hardworking people who do hold on to their jobs and pay a dear price for it. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, men make up the majority of those injured on the job. In the manufacturing, mining and construction fields, 86% of workplace injuries and illnesses occur to men and 92% of workplace-related deaths are men as well.

[...]

98% of the Iraq wounded are men, and for many of them, their war-related health problems will continue for a lifetime.

Psychological issues again, often left untreated because of a lack of employment and insurance affect men in much greater numbers, as well. Almost 70% of homeless adults are men, and the suicide rate for young men is five times that of young women.

These factors help explain why, in 2006, the average American male could expect to live 5.1 fewer years than the average woman; a black American male will likely live 11 fewer years than a white American woman. (By contrast, in 1920 men and women could expect to enjoy about the same lifespan.)

Despite the overwhelming evidence that men are being left behind, the U.S. government has never made a concerted effort to address male health issues. Right now, there are seven (seven!) offices of women's health in the U.S. government: six in the Department of Health and Human Services and one in the Department of Agriculture. And the Pentagon makes huge investments in women's health research. Yet there is not a single federal organization that encourages and disseminates physical and mental health research for and about men.

[...]

One argument for funding so many health service organizations targeted to those citizens who already enjoy the best health, the most insurance, the longest lifespan, and the safest and most plentiful jobs that would be women is that it's payback time.

[...]

The Obama administration showed great eagerness in addressing the problems of women soon after it took office, with the establishment of the White House Council on Women and Girls. We applaud that move, and we now look for equal time for the males of the species.

So as momentum for health care reform builds and melds with the president's economic agenda, let's think about the Americans who are most likely to face unemployment, a lack of insurance, and the untreated physical and psychological problems that make their lives that much shorter and harder. In other words, let's think about men. It's about time we caught a break, and a he-covery would be just the thing.


All in all a good overview and I must admit I would have missed this article, if I hadn´t read the answer by feminists on feministing. If you think about this factum: "Of the 5.2 million people who've lost their jobs since last summer, four out of five were men." you can only conclude that the best way in dealing with this men who do not have a job anymore is to give them one again, to use the human capital that is not working. Well the feminists have a different opinion:

While men in fact are losing jobs at a higher rate than women, what the author isn't taking into account is that not only are women paid less and generally have worse jobs than men, but are economically behind men in so many other ways.

[...]

unemployment isn't the only indicator of economic struggle. Women are one-third more likely than men to have sub-prime mortgages, nearly 60 percent of impoverished children are living in female-headed households, and the poverty rate is higher among women than it is among men of any race. Undergirding all that is the stubbornness of the pay gap between men and women, meaning that women still earn just 78 cents on the male dollar--even for the same work, with the same educational background and number of years on the job. Advocates say that given these disparities, it is actually women who are harder hit by the recession, despite more staggering joblessness among men.

[...]

How about the fact that 70% of people in poverty are women?? Sounds to me like job loss and economic disenfranchisement only became relevant when men started to become victims.


These parts were so full of misinformation and lies I had to research a little. The 70% poverty rating for women made me wonder as there are more homeless people that are male. While I was searching for the actual rates I came across this:

Women in America are more likely to be poor than men. Over half of the 37 million Americans living in poverty today are women. And women in America are further behind than women in other countries—the gap in poverty rates between men and women is wider in America than anywhere else in the Western world.


The difference must be huge, so when I came across real numbers, I was shocked.

Adult Poverty Rate by Gender, states (2006-2007), U.S. (2007)
Female: 17%
Male: 14%


A difference of 3%? That is what all the fuzz is about? I couldn´t believe it and searched further.

In 2001, 12.9 percent of the female population and 10.4 percent of the male population lived below the poverty level.



Not surprisingly the gap is raising the older the age group is getting as more and more men die which leads to poor widowed women and are basicly a result of the shorter life expectancy men have.

Elderly women are far more likely to be poor than elderly men. Thirteen percent of women over 75 years old are poor compared to 6 percent of men.




Roughly one quarter of poor women are single mothers which brings us to the factoid that nearly 60 percent of impoverished children are living in female-headed households. It is quite simple remove discrimination in divorce courts and allow men to see their children and you will see that this difference of 8-9% will even out.

The last part about the wage gap is a direct lie. I will talk about the wage gap in the future again but in the meantime wiki gives us a good overview. Even though the feminist article and wiki have the same source the result is quite different. Compare:

Femview:
meaning that women still earn just 78 cents on the male dollar--even for the same work, with the same educational background and number of years on the job.


Realworld:
"in 2004, women's wages were 76.5% of men's wages," or "in 2004, women earned 23.5% less than men earned." This statistic does not take into account differences in experience, skill, occupation, or hours worked.


Ouch...have we been caught lying? Some factoids from the Wiki article that do not work with the discrimination theory:

An article entitled "Gender Wage Gap Is Feminist Fiction" from the libertarian Independent Women's Forum stated: "A study of the gender wage gap conducted by economist June O' Neill, former director of the Congressional Budget Office, found that women earn 98 percent of what men do when controlled for experience, education, and number of years on the job." [^ Gender Wage Gap Is Feminist Fiction by Arrah Nielsen, Independent Women's Forum, April 15, 2005]

[...]

In the book Biology at Work: Rethinking Sexual Equality, Browne writes: "Because of the sex differences in hours worked, the hourly earnings gap [...] is a better indicator of the sexual disparity in earnings than the annual figure. Even the hourly earnings ratio does not completely capture the effects of sex differences in hours, however, because employees who work more hours also tend to earn more per hour. Therefor, a proper adjustment for hours worked would reduce the gap even further"[8]
(There is more on this book in Google books according to this information the hourly gap in 1999 was 16 cents)
)

[...]

A 2009 New York Times article reported that Anne York, an economics professor at Meredith College in North Carolina, had conducted a study of high school valedictorians in the U.S. According to the study, female valedictorians were planning to have careers that had a median salary of $74,608, whereas male valedictorians were planning to have careers with a median salary of $97,734. As to why the females were less likely than the males to choose high paying careers such as surgeon and engineer, the article quoted York as saying, "The typical reason is that they are worried about combining family and career one day in the future." [Do the Ambitions of High School Valedictorians Differ by Gender?, New York Times, June 1, 2009]

Occupational segregation refers to the way that some jobs (such as truck driver) are dominated by men, and other jobs (such as child care worker) are dominated by women. Because jobs dominated by women are, on average, lower-paying than jobs dominated by men, occupational choice is an important cause of the gender gap.

[...]

Thomas Sowell argued in his book Civil Rights that most of pay gap is based on marital status, not a “glass ceiling” discrimination. Earnings for men and women of the same basic description (education, jobs, hours worked, marital status) were essentially equal. That result would not be predicted under explanatory theories of “sexism”.[^ "Civil Rights: Rhetoric or Reality", Thomas Sowell, 1984. "Markets and Minorities, Thomas Sowell, 1981] However, it can be seen as a symptom of the unequal contributions made by each partner to child raising. Cathy Young argues that rather than men being disinterested in child-rearing resulting in an unequal burden for women, women barring men from taking on paternal responsibilities may sometimes be at fault.[The mama lion at the gate - Salon.com] Many Western countries have some form of paternity leave to attempt to level the playing field in this regard.

[...]

Male activist Warren Farrell has claimed that childless women who have never married earn 117 percent of their childless male counterparts (as revealed by Census data from 2001), when the comparison controls for education, hours worked and age. [Warren Farrell Archive]

[...]

A study at Carnegie Mellon found that men graduating from that university with master's degrees were eight times more likely to negotiate starting salaries and pay than their female counterparts. In surveys, more that twice as many women than men said they felt "a great deal of apprehension" about negotiating.["Women Don't Ask: Negotiation and Gender Divide" by Linda Babcock and Sarah Laschever, Princeton University Press, 2003 ISBN 069108940X ISBN 978-0691089409][# ^ http://www.womendontask.com/stats.html]


The difference on women and men jobs was cited on one of the feminist links as well. Is it discrimination that more women are secretaries than car mechanics?



Last but not least we shouldn´t forget about unemployment rates:



While the difference raised from 1,2% to 1,5% from IV2008 to I2009, it went to 2,3% in April 2009. And when the gap is widening, doesn´t it make sense to support those who are loosing jobs? Not if you want an even wider gap.